The Japanese refer to their modern martial arts as budo,which means "the martial way” or "the way of a warrior.” The more classical arts are usually called bujutsu, which means "martial techniques." Bujutsu include jujutsu,,out of which developed the more modem judo; ken jutsu, out of which came kendo; and aikijutsu, out of which developed aikido, judo, kendo, and aikido are budo, as is karate. The difference between bujutsu and budo is usually a matter of emphasis. The classical arts generally are associated more closely with war, and therefore place greater emphasis on self-defense techniques that are too dangerous for use in friendly competition. Although experts of modern budo are also skilled in these techniques, they stress such matters as safety and martial arts as something everyone, young and old, can practice with enjoyment. With the exception of aiki- do, the modem arts include the practice of free sparring and encourage competitive tournaments, which would be impossible to conduct with lethal techniques. Another difference in emphasis can be seen in the use of the word do in budo. Do means "the way," the path the human spirit travels through life, from birth to death. Although spiritual reflection was also a part of classical martial arts training, greater emphasis has been placed upon it by the modem arts. There are other traditional Japanese arts which also define themselves through the concept of do, such as sado, the tea ceremony or "the way of tea," and shodo, calligraphy, or "the way of writing." While all reflect meditatively on our spiritual journey through life, budo distinguishes itself by its awareness of the journey's perils. The first ideogram bu is made up of the radicals hoko, which refers to the halberd, a spear-like weapon, underneath which is a derivative of matagu, or "to stride," combining to create the image of stepping forth with a weapon. Martial artists should be aware that they stride down their spiritual paths with weapons in hand, and above all they should appreciate the possibility that their journey can, in some unfortunate circumstances, end suddenly and abruptly. This should serve to make them realize the value of their own lives and those of others. As the great karate master Gichin Funakoshi (1869-• 1957) once said, "There is no first strike in karate." Quite often, violence only winds up causing more violence, and can result in catastrophe. The proper way to use your skills in karate is with great caution and much appreciation of life's fragility. While karate's origins lie in ancient Okinawa and China. its spread through Japan and the rest of the world is a modern phenomenon, as are many of its methods of training . and its emphasis on spirituality. This places it among other Japanese budo.